Nicholas C. Spies
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Nicholas C. Spies, MD

Languages spoken: English

Specialties

  • Pathology, Clinical

Board Certification

American Board of Pathology (Clinical Path)

Board Certification and Academic Information

Academic Departments Pathology -Assistant Professor (Clinical)
Board Certification
American Board of Pathology (Clinical Path)

Education history

Undergraduate Computer Science & Biology - Washington University in St. Louis B.A.
Professional Medical Medicine - Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis M.D.
Residency Obstetrics and Gynecology - Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis Resident
Residency Clinical Pathology - Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis Resident
Residency Clinical Pathology - Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis Chief Resident

Selected Publications

Journal Article

  1. Hart SN, Hoffman NG, Gershkovich P, Christenson C, McClintock DS, Miller LJ, Jackups R, Azimi V, Spies N, Brodsky (2023). Organizational preparedness for the use of large language models in pathology informatics. Journal of pathology informatics, 14, 100338.
  2. Spies NC, Hubler Z, Roper SM, Omosule CL, Senter-Zapata M, Roemmich BL, Brown HM, Gimple R, Farnsworth C (2023). GPT-4 Underperforms Experts in Detecting IV Fluid Contamination. The journal of applied laboratory medicine, 8(6), 1092-1100.
  3. Spies NC, Farnsworth CW, Jackups (2023). Data-Driven Anomaly Detection in Laboratory Medicine: Past, Present, and Future. The journal of applied laboratory medicine, 8(1), 162-179.
  4. Hubler ZML, Farnsworth CW, Spies N (2023). Asymptomatic Hyponatremia and Hyperkalemia in a Patient with Leukemic Leukocytosis. Clinical chemistry, 69(11), 1322-1323.
  5. Yang HS, Pan W, Wang Y, Zaydman MA, Spies NC, Zhao Z, Guise TA, Meng QH, Wang (2023). Generalizability of a Machine Learning Model for Improving Utilization of Parathyroid Hormone-Related Peptide Testing across Multiple Clinical Centers. Clinical chemistry, 69(11), 1260-1269.
  6. Gunderson SJ, Puga Molina LC, Spies N, Balestrini PA, Buffone MG, Jungheim ES, Riley J, Santi C (2021). Machine-learning algorithm incorporating capacitated sperm intracellular pH predicts conventional in vitro fertilization success in normospermic patients. Fertility and sterility, 115(4), 930-939.
  7. Kotnik EN, Mullen MM, Spies NC, Li T, Inkman M, Zhang J, Martins-Rodrigues F, Hagemann IS, McCourt CK, Thaker PH, Hagemann AR, Powell MA, Mutch DG, Khabele D, Longmore GD, Mardis ER, Maher CA, Miller CA, Fuh K (2023). Genetic characterization of primary and metastatic high-grade serous ovarian cancer tumors reveals distinct features associated with survival. Communications biology, 6(1), 688.
  8. Griffith M, Spies NC, Krysiak K, McMichael JF, Coffman AC, Danos AM, Ainscough BJ, Ramirez CA, Rieke DT, Kujan L, Barnell EK, Wagner AH, Skidmore ZL, Wollam A, Liu CJ, Jones MR, Bilski RL, Lesurf R, Feng YY, Shah NM, Bonakdar M, Trani L, Matlock M, Ramu A, Campbell KM, Spies GC, Graubert AP, Gangavarapu K, Eldred JM, Larson DE, Walker JR, Good BM, Wu C, Su AI, Dienstmann R, Margolin AA, Tamborero D, Lopez-Bigas N, Jones SJ, Bose R, Spencer DH, Wartman LD, Wilson RK, Mardis ER, Griffith O (2017). CIViC is a community knowledgebase for expert crowdsourcing the clinical interpretation of variants in cancer. Nature genetics, 49(2), 170-174.
  9. Griffith OL, Spies NC, Anurag M, Griffith M, Luo J, Tu D, Yeo B, Kunisaki J, Miller CA, Krysiak K, Hundal J, Ainscough BJ, Skidmore ZL, Campbell K, Kumar R, Fronick C, Cook L, Snider JE, Davies S, Kavuri SM, Chang EC, Magrini V, Larson DE, Fulton RS, Liu S, Leung S, Voduc D, Bose R, Dowsett M, Wilson RK, Nielsen TO, Mardis ER, Ellis M (2018). Author Correction: The prognostic effects of somatic mutations in ER-positive breast cancer. Nature communications, 9(1), 4850.
  10. Griffith OL, Spies NC, Anurag M, Griffith M, Luo J, Tu D, Yeo B, Kunisaki J, Miller CA, Krysiak K, Hundal J, Ainscough BJ, Skidmore ZL, Campbell K, Kumar R, Fronick C, Cook L, Snider JE, Davies S, Kavuri SM, Chang EC, Magrini V, Larson DE, Fulton RS, Liu S, Leung S, Voduc D, Bose R, Dowsett M, Wilson RK, Nielsen TO, Mardis ER, Ellis M (2018). The prognostic effects of somatic mutations in ER-positive breast cancer. Nature communications, 9(1), 3476.
  11. Griffith M, Griffith OL, Coffman AC, Weible JV, McMichael JF, Spies NC, Koval J, Das I, Callaway MB, Eldred JM, Miller CA, Subramanian J, Govindan R, Kumar RD, Bose R, Ding L, Walker JR, Larson DE, Dooling DJ, Smith SM, Ley TJ, Mardis ER, Wilson R (2013). DGIdb: mining the druggable genome. Nature methods, 10(12), 1209-10.
  12. Griffith M, Walker JR, Spies NC, Ainscough BJ, Griffith O (2015). Informatics for RNA Sequencing: A Web Resource for Analysis on the Cloud. PLoS computational biology, 11(8), e1004393.
  13. Cotto KC, Wagner AH, Feng YY, Kiwala S, Coffman AC, Spies G, Wollam A, Spies NC, Griffith OL, Griffith (2018). DGIdb 3.0: a redesign and expansion of the drug-gene interaction database. Nucleic acids research, 46(D1), D1068-D1073.
  14. Wagner AH, Coffman AC, Ainscough BJ, Spies NC, Skidmore ZL, Campbell KM, Krysiak K, Pan D, McMichael JF, Eldred JM, Walker JR, Wilson RK, Mardis ER, Griffith M, Griffith O (2016). DGIdb 2.0: mining clinically relevant drug-gene interactions. Nucleic acids research, 44(D1), D1036-44.
  15. Ma CX, Gao F, Luo J, Northfelt DW, Goetz M, Forero A, Hoog J, Naughton M, Ademuyiwa F, Suresh R, Anderson KS, Margenthaler J, Aft R, Hobday T, Moynihan T, Gillanders W, Cyr A, Eberlein TJ, Hieken T, Krontiras H, Guo Z, Lee MV, Spies NC, Skidmore ZL, Griffith OL, Griffith M, Thomas S, Bumb C, Vij K, Bartlett CH, Koehler M, Al-Kateb H, Sanati S, Ellis M (2017). NeoPalAna: Neoadjuvant Palbociclib, a Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/6 Inhibitor, and Anastrozole for Clinical Stage 2 or 3 Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer. Clinical cancer research, 23(15), 4055-4065.
  16. Uppaluri R, Campbell KM, Egloff AM, Zolkind P, Skidmore ZL, Nussenbaum B, Paniello RC, Rich JT, Jackson R, Pipkorn P, Michel LS, Ley J, Oppelt P, Dunn GP, Barnell EK, Spies NC, Lin T, Li T, Mulder DT, Hanna Y, Cirlan I, Pugh TJ, Mudianto T, Riley R, Zhou L, Jo VY, Stachler MD, Hanna GJ, Kass J, Haddad R, Schoenfeld JD, Gjini E, Lako A, Thorstad W, Gay HA, Daly M, Rodig SJ, Hagemann IS, Kallogjeri D, Piccirillo JF, Chernock RD, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Adkins D (2021). Correction: Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant Pembrolizumab in Resectable Locally Advanced, Human Papillomavirus-unrelated Head and Neck Cancer: A Multicenter, Phase II Trial. Clinical cancer research, 27(1), 357.
  17. Wagner AH, Devarakonda S, Skidmore ZL, Krysiak K, Ramu A, Trani L, Kunisaki J, Masood A, Waqar SN, Spies NC, Morgensztern D, Waligorski J, Ponce J, Fulton RS, Maggi LB Jr, Weber JD, Watson MA, O'Conor CJ, Ritter JH, Olsen RR, Cheng H, Mukhopadhyay A, Can I, Cessna MH, Oliver TG, Mardis ER, Wilson RK, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Govindan (2018). Recurrent WNT pathway alterations are frequent in relapsed small cell lung cancer. Nature communications, 9(1), 3787.
  18. Ma CX, Luo J, Naughton M, Ademuyiwa F, Suresh R, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Skidmore ZL, Spies NC, Ramu A, Trani L, Pluard T, Nagaraj G, Thomas S, Guo Z, Hoog J, Han J, Mardis E, Lockhart C, Ellis M (2016). A Phase I Trial of BKM120 (Buparlisib) in Combination with Fulvestrant in Postmenopausal Women with Estrogen Receptor-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer. Clinical cancer research, 22(7), 1583-91.
  19. Barnell EK, Ronning P, Campbell KM, Krysiak K, Ainscough BJ, Sheta LM, Pema SP, Schmidt AD, Richters M, Cotto KC, Danos AM, Ramirez C, Skidmore ZL, Spies NC, Hundal J, Sediqzad MS, Kunisaki J, Gomez F, Trani L, Matlock M, Wagner AH, Swamidass SJ, Griffith M, Griffith O (2019). Standard operating procedure for somatic variant refinement of sequencing data with paired tumor and normal samples. Genetics in medicine, 21(4), 972-981.
  20. Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krysiak K, Skidmore ZL, Christopher MJ, Klco JM, Ramu A, Lamprecht TL, Wagner AH, Campbell KM, Lesurf R, Hundal J, Zhang J, Spies NC, Ainscough BJ, Larson DE, Heath SE, Fronick C, O'Laughlin S, Fulton RS, Magrini V, McGrath S, Smith SM, Miller CA, Maher CA, Payton JE, Walker JR, Eldred JM, Walter MJ, Link DC, Graubert TA, Westervelt P, Kulkarni S, DiPersio JF, Mardis ER, Wilson RK, Ley T (2016). Comprehensive genomic analysis reveals FLT3 activation and a therapeutic strategy for a patient with relapsed adult B-lymphoblastic leukemia. Experimental hematology, 44(7), 603-13.
  21. Leung W, Shaffer CD, Chen EJ, Quisenberry TJ, Ko K, Braverman JM, Giarla TC, Mortimer NT, Reed LK, Smith ST, Robic S, McCartha SR, Perry DR, Prescod LM, Sheppard ZA, Saville KJ, McClish A, Morlock EA, Sochor VR, Stanton B, Veysey-White IC, Revie D, Jimenez LA, Palomino JJ, Patao MD, Patao SM, Himelblau ET, Campbell JD, Hertz AL, McEvilly MF, Wagner AR, Youngblom J, Bedi B, Bettincourt J, Duso E, Her M, Hilton W, House S, Karimi M, Kumimoto K, Lee R, Lopez D, Odisho G, Prasad R, Robbins HL, Sandhu T, Selfridge T, Tsukashima K, Yosif H, Kokan NP, Britt L, Zoellner A, Spana EP, Chlebina BT, Chong I, Friedman H, Mammo DA, Ng CL, Nikam VS, Schwartz NU, Xu TQ, Burg MG, Batten SM, Corbeill LM, Enoch E, Ensign JJ, Franks ME, Haiker B, Ingles JA, Kirkland LD, Lorenz-Guertin JM, Matthews J, Mittig CM, Monsma N, Olson KJ, Perez-Aragon G, Ramic A, Ramirez JR, Scheiber C, Schneider PA, Schultz DE, Simon M, Spencer E, Wernette AC, Wykle ME, Zavala-Arellano E, McDonald MJ, Ostby K, Wendland P, DiAngelo JR, Ceasrine AM, Cox AH, Docherty JEB, Gingras RM, Grieb SM, Pavia MJ, Personius CL, Polak GL, Beach DL, Cerritos HL, Horansky EA, Sharif KA, Moran R, Parrish S, Bickford K, Bland J, Broussard J, Campbell K, Deibel KE, Forka R, Lemke MC, Nelson MB, O'Keeffe C, Ramey SM, Schmidt L, Villegas P, Jones CJ, Christ SL, Mamari S, Rinaldi AS, Stity G, Hark AT, Scheuerman M, Silver Key SC, McRae BD, Haberman AS, Asinof S, Carrington H, Drumm K, Embry T, McGuire R, Miller-Foreman D, Rosen S, Safa N, Schultz D, Segal M, Shevin Y, Svoronos P, Vuong T, Skuse G, Paetkau DW, Bridgman RK, Brown CM, Carroll AR, Gifford FM, Gillespie JB, Herman SE, Holtcamp KL, Host MA, Hussey G, Kramer DM, Lawrence JQ, Martin MM, Niemiec EN, O'Reilly AP, Pahl OA, Quintana G, Rettie EAS, Richardson TL, Rodriguez AE, Rodriguez MO, Schiraldi L, Smith JJ, Sugrue KF, Suriano LJ, Takach KE, Vasquez AM, Velez X, Villafuerte EJ, Vives LT, Zellmer VR, Hauke J, Hauser CR, Barker K, Cannon L, Parsamian P, Parsons S, Wichman Z, Bazinet CW, Johnson DE, Bangura A, Black JA, Chevee V, Einsteen SA, Hilton SK, Kollmer M, Nadendla R, Stamm J, Fafara-Thompson AE, Gygi AM, Ogawa EE, Van Camp M, Kocsisova Z, Leatherman JL, Modahl CM, Rubin MR, Apiz-Saab SS, Arias-Mejias SM, Carrion-Ortiz CF, Claudio-Vazquez PN, Espada-Green DM, Feliciano-Camacho M, Gonzalez-Bonilla KM, Taboas-Arroyo M, Vargas-Franco D, Montañez-Gonzalez R, Perez-Otero J, Rivera-Burgos M, Rivera-Rosario FJ, Eisler HL, Alexander J, Begley SK, Gabbard D, Allen RJ, Aung WY, Barshop WD, Boozalis A, Chu VP, Davis JS, Duggal RN, Franklin R, Gavinski K, Gebreyesus H, Gong HZ, Greenstein RA, Guo AD, Hanson C, Homa KE, Hsu SC, Huang Y, Huo L, Jacobs S, Jia S, Jung KL, Wai-Chee Kong S, Kroll MR, Lee BM, Lee PF, Levine KM, Li AS, Liu C, Liu MM, Lousararian AP, Lowery PB, Mallya AP, Marcus JE, Ng PC, Nguyen HP, Patel R, Precht H, Rastogi S, Sarezky JM, Schefkind A, Schultz MB, Shen D, Skorupa T, Spies NC, Stancu G, Vivian Tsang HM, Turski AL, Venkat R, Waldman LE, Wang K, Wang T, Wei JW, Wu DY, Xiong DD, Yu J, Zhou K, McNeil GP, Fernandez RW, Menzies PG, Gu T, Buhler J, Mardis ER, Elgin SC (2017). Retrotransposons Are the Major Contributors to the Expansion of the Drosophila ananassae Muller F Element. G3 (Bethesda, Md.), 7(8), 2439-2460.
  22. Danos AM, Krysiak K, Barnell EK, Coffman AC, McMichael JF, Kiwala S, Spies NC, Sheta LM, Pema SP, Kujan L, Clark KA, Wollam AZ, Rao S, Ritter DI, Sonkin D, Raca G, Lin WH, Grisdale CJ, Kim RH, Wagner AH, Madhavan S, Griffith M, Griffith O (2019). Standard operating procedure for curation and clinical interpretation of variants in cancer. Genome medicine, 11(1), 76.
  23. Barnell EK, Skidmore ZL, Newcomer KF, Chavez M, Campbell KM, Cotto KC, Spies NC, Ruzinova MB, Wang T, Abro B, Kreisel F, Parikh BA, Duncavage EJ, Frater JL, Lee YS, Hassan A, King JA, Kohnen DR, Fiala MA, Welch JS, Uy GL, Vij K, Vij R, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Wartman L (2023). Distinct clonal identities of B-ALLs arising after lenolidomide therapy for multiple myeloma. Blood advances, 7(2), 236-245.
  24. Krysiak K, Danos AM, Saliba J, McMichael JF, Coffman AC, Kiwala S, Barnell EK, Sheta L, Grisdale CJ, Kujan L, Pema S, Lever J, Ridd S, Spies NC, Andric V, Chiorean A, Rieke DT, Clark KA, Reisle C, Venigalla AC, Evans M, Jani P, Takahashi H, Suda A, Horak P, Ritter DI, Zhou X, Ainscough BJ, Delong S, Kesserwan C, Lamping M, Shen H, Marr AR, Hoang MH, Singhal K, Khanfar M, Li BV, Lin WH, Terraf P, Corson LB, Salama Y, Campbell KM, Farncombe KM, Ji J, Zhao X, Xu X, Kanagal-Shamanna R, King I, Cotto KC, Skidmore ZL, Walker JR, Zhang J, Milosavljevic A, Patel RY, Giles RH, Kim RH, Schriml LM, Mardis ER, Jones SJM, Raca G, Rao S, Madhavan S, Wagner AH, Griffith M, Griffith O (2023). CIViCdb 2022: evolution of an open-access cancer variant interpretation knowledgebase. Nucleic acids research, 51(D1), D1230-D1241.
  25. Uppaluri R, Campbell KM, Egloff AM, Zolkind P, Skidmore ZL, Nussenbaum B, Paniello RC, Rich JT, Jackson R, Pipkorn P, Michel LS, Ley J, Oppelt P, Dunn GP, Barnell EK, Spies NC, Lin T, Li T, Mulder DT, Hanna Y, Cirlan I, Pugh TJ, Mudianto T, Riley R, Zhou L, Jo VY, Stachler MD, Hanna GJ, Kass J, Haddad R, Schoenfeld JD, Gjini E, Lako A, Thorstad W, Gay HA, Daly M, Rodig SJ, Hagemann IS, Kallogjeri D, Piccirillo JF, Chernock RD, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Adkins D (2020). Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant Pembrolizumab in Resectable Locally Advanced, Human Papillomavirus-Unrelated Head and Neck Cancer: A Multicenter, Phase II Trial. Clinical cancer research, 26(19), 5140-5152.
  26. Krysiak K, Danos AM, Kiwala S, McMichael JF, Coffman AC, Barnell EK, Sheta L, Saliba J, Grisdale CJ, Kujan L, Pema S, Lever J, Spies NC, Chiorean A, Rieke DT, Clark KA, Jani P, Takahashi H, Horak P, Ritter DI, Zhou X, Ainscough BJ, Delong S, Lamping M, Marr AR, Li BV, Lin WH, Terraf P, Salama Y, Campbell KM, Farncombe KM, Ji J, Zhao X, Xu X, Kanagal-Shamanna R, Cotto KC, Skidmore ZL, Walker JR, Zhang J, Milosavljevic A, Patel RY, Giles RH, Kim RH, Schriml LM, Mardis ER, Jones SJM, Raca G, Rao S, Madhavan S, Wagner AH, Griffith OL, Griffith (2022). A community approach to the cancer-variant-interpretation bottleneck. Nature cancer, 3(5), 522-525.
  27. Barnell EK, Waalkes A, Mosior MC, Penewit K, Cotto KC, Danos AM, Sheta LM, Campbell KM, Krysiak K, Rieke D, Spies NC, Skidmore ZL, Pritchard CC, Fehniger TA, Uppaluri R, Govindan R, Griffith M, Salipante SJ, Griffith O (2019). Open-Sourced CIViC Annotation Pipeline to Identify and Annotate Clinically Relevant Variants Using Single-Molecule Molecular Inversion Probes. JCO clinical cancer informatics, 3, 1-12.
  28. Spies N, Jackups R, Zaydman (2023). Anticoagulation management in patients tested for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in the cardiothoracic intensive care unit diverges from expert guidelines. American journal of clinical pathology, 160(Supplement_1), S139.
  29. Brown HM, Spies NC, Zaydman MA, Farnsworth C (2023). A-015 Hemoglobin A1c Control is An Independent Predictor of Circulating Troponin Concentrations Using Machine Learning. American journal of clinical pathology, 160(Supplement_1), S141-2.
  30. Danos AM, Krysiak K, Barnell EK, Coffman AC, McMichael JF, Kiwala S, Spies NC, Sheta LM, Pema SP, Kujan L, Clark KA, Wollam AZ, Rao S, Ritter DI, Sonkin D, Raca G, Lin WH, Grisdale CJ, Kim RH, Wagner AH, Madhavan S, Griffith M, Griffith O (2019). The CIViC knowledge model and standard operating procedures for curation and clinical interpretation of variants in cancer. bioRxiv, 700179.
  31. Morse P, Roberts KF, Spies NC, Padmanabhan (2024). Process improvement in thyroid fine needle aspiration: Standardizing number of smears for enhanced adequacy and diagnosis. Diagnostic cytopathology, 52(9), 519-523.
  32. Khonde P, Choudhury S, Spies NC, Naz N, Stoll J, Fleckenstein J, He M, Ballentine S, Kulkarni (2024). Worse fibro-inflammatory activity on diagnostic liver biopsy adversely impacts biochemical remission in autoimmune hepatitis. Clinics and research in hepatology and gastroenterology, 48(8), 102442.
  33. Spies NC, Farnsworth C (2024). Impact and frequency of IV fluid contamination on basic metabolic panel results using quality metrics. Journal of Laboratory Medicine, 48(1), 29-36.
  34. Spies NC,Farnsworth CW,Jackups R,Zaydman M (2023). Machine learning pipelines developed for the prediction of cancelation of inappropriate parathyroid hormone-related peptide orders demonstrate poor performance in predicting provider behavior. Journal of laboratory and precision medicine, 8,
  35. Hart SN,Hoffman NG,Gershkovich P,Christenson C,McClintock DS,Miller LJ,Jackups R,Azimi V,Spies N,Brodsky (2023). Organizational preparedness for the use of large language models in pathology informatics. Journal of pathology informatics, 14,
  36. Bedrick BS,Kazarian GS,Greenwade MM,Spies N,Chen T,Maluf H,Dicke J,Thaker P (2020). Adenomyosis presenting as a molar pregnancy: A case report. Gynecologic oncology reports, 32,
  37. Spies NC, Hubler Z, Azimi V, Zhang R, Jackups R Jr, Gronowski AM, Farnsworth CW, Zaydman M (2024). Automating the Detection of IV Fluid Contamination Using Unsupervised Machine Learning. Clinical chemistry, 70(2), 444-452.
  38. Lalos N, Vesoulis Z, Maucione C, Eby C, Dietzen DJ, Roper SM, Spies N (2024). Estimation of gestational age-specific reference intervals for coagulation assays in a neonatal intensive care unit using real-world data. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis,
  39. Spies NC,Farnsworth CW,Wheeler S,McCudden C (2024). Validating, Implementing, and Monitoring Machine Learning Solutions in the Clinical Laboratory Safely and Effectively. Clinical chemistry, 70(11), 1334-1343.
  40. Brown HM,Spies NC,Jia W,Moley J,Lawless S,Roemmich B,Brestoff JR,Zaydman MA,Farnsworth C (2024). Cardiac Troponin to Adjudicate Subclinical Heart Failure in Diabetic Patients and a Murine Model of Metabolic Syndrome. The journal of applied laboratory medicine, 9(6), 913-926.
  41. Spies NC, Militello L, Farnsworth CW, El-Khoury JM, Durant TJS, Zaydman M (2024). Prospective and External Validation of an Ensemble Learning Approach to Sensitively Detect Intravenous Fluid Contamination in Basic Metabolic Panels. Clinical chemistry,
  42. Spies NC, Rangel A, English P, Morrison M, O'Fallon B, Ng D (2025). Machine Learning Methods in Clinical Flow Cytometry. Cancers, 17(3),
  43. Perkins G, Anderson NW, Spies N (2025). Retrieval-augmented generation salvages poor performance from large language models in answering microbiology-specific multiple-choice questions. Journal of clinical microbiology, e0162424.
  44. Bedrick BS, Kazarian GS, Greenwade MM, Spies N, Chen T, Maluf H, Dicke J, Thaker P (2020). Adenomyosis presenting as a molar pregnancy: A case report. Gynecologic oncology reports, 32, 100573.
  45. Lalos N,Vesoulis Z,Maucione C,Spies N (2025). “Estimation of gestational age-specific reference intervals for coagulation assays in a neonatal intensive care unit using real-world data”: reply. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis, 23(4), 1454-1455.
  46. Lin Y,Spies NC,Zohner K,McCoy D,Zaydman MA,Farnsworth C (2025). Pre-analytical phase errors constitute the vast majority of errors in clinical laboratory testing. Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine,
  47. Shean RC, Genzen JR, Spies N (2025). Large Language Models Lack Sufficient Performance to Provide Definitive Regulatory Guidance. The journal of applied laboratory medicine,
  48. Patel K, Arvisais-Anhalt S, Bunch DR, Holmes DT, Spies N (2025). Robotic Process Automation in Laboratory Medicine. Clinical chemistry,
  49. Maucione C, McLamb N, Zaydman MA, Pearson LN, Metcalf RA, Spies N (2025). Intravenous fluid contamination in complete blood counts may lead to unnecessary red blood cell transfusions. Transfusion, 65(10), 1996-1998.
  50. Spies N (2025). From Laptop to Laboratory: Development and Implementation of a Machine Learning Model for Detecting Iron-Deficiency Anemia. Clinical chemistry,
  51. Spies NC, Ng D (2025). Performance metrics for machine learning solutions in laboratory medicine. Laboratory medicine,
  52. Lin Y, K Mensah I, Doering M, C Shean R, Spies N (2025). Machine learning-based error detection in the clinical laboratory: a critical review. Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences, 1-13.
  53. Alnoor F, Spies NC, Kumar J, Samghabadi P, Silva O, Luo MX, Chisholm KM, Zhang J, Rangel A, Ng D, Li P, Ohgami R (2025). The Evolution and Recent Advances in Diagnostic Criteria for Idiopathic Multicentric Castleman Disease. American journal of hematology, 100(11), 2064-2073.
  54. Lin Y, Spies NC, Zohner K, McCoy D, Zaydman MA, Farnsworth C (2025). Pre-analytical phase errors constitute the vast majority of errors in clinical laboratory testing. Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine, 63(9), 1709-1715.
  55. Thomas T, Friedrich M, Rich-Griffin C, Pohin M, Agarwal D, Pakpoor J, Lee C, Tandon R, Rendek A, Aschenbrenner D, Jainarayanan A, Voda A, Siu JHY, Sanches-Peres R, Nee E, Sathananthan D, Kotliar D, Todd P, Kiourlappou M, Gartner L, Ilott N, Issa F, Hester J, Turner J, Nayar S, Mackerodt J, Zhang F, Jonsson A, Brenner M, Raychaudhuri S, Kulicke R, Ramsdell D, Stransky N, Pagliarini R, Bielecki P, Spies N, Marsden B, Taylor S, Wagner A, Klenerman P, Walsh A, Coles M, Jostins-Dean L, Powrie FM, Filer A, Travis S, Uhlig HH, Dendrou CA, Buckley C (2024). A longitudinal single-cell atlas of anti-tumour necrosis factor treatment in inflammatory bowel disease. Nature immunology, 25(11), 2152-2165.
  56. Zook JM, Hansen NF, Olson ND, Chapman L, Mullikin JC, Xiao C, Sherry S, Koren S, Phillippy AM, Boutros PC, Sahraeian SME, Huang V, Rouette A, Alexander N, Mason CE, Hajirasouliha I, Ricketts C, Lee J, Tearle R, Fiddes IT, Barrio AM, Wala J, Carroll A, Ghaffari N, Rodriguez OL, Bashir A, Jackman S, Farrell JJ, Wenger AM, Alkan C, Soylev A, Schatz MC, Garg S, Church G, Marschall T, Chen K, Fan X, English AC, Rosenfeld JA, Zhou W, Mills RE, Sage JM, Davis JR, Kaiser MD, Oliver JS, Catalano AP, Chaisson MJP, Spies N, Sedlazeck FJ, Salit (2020). A robust benchmark for detection of germline large deletions and insertions. Nature biotechnology, 38(11), 1347-1355.
  57. Chapman LM, Spies N, Pai P, Lim CS, Carroll A, Narzisi G, Watson CM, Proukakis C, Clarke WE, Nariai N, Dawson E, Jones G, Blankenberg D, Brueffer C, Xiao C, Kolora SRR, Alexander N, Wolujewicz P, Ahmed AE, Smith G, Shehreen S, Wenger AM, Salit M, Zook J (2020). A crowdsourced set of curated structural variants for the human genome. PLoS computational biology, 16(6), e1007933.
  58. Spies N, Weng Z, Bishara A, McDaniel J, Catoe D, Zook JM, Salit M, West RB, Batzoglou S, Sidow (2017). Genome-wide reconstruction of complex structural variants using read clouds. Nature methods, 14(9), 915-920.
  59. Zook JM, Catoe D, McDaniel J, Vang L, Spies N, Sidow A, Weng Z, Liu Y, Mason CE, Alexander N, Henaff E, McIntyre AB, Chandramohan D, Chen F, Jaeger E, Moshrefi A, Pham K, Stedman W, Liang T, Saghbini M, Dzakula Z, Hastie A, Cao H, Deikus G, Schadt E, Sebra R, Bashir A, Truty RM, Chang CC, Gulbahce N, Zhao K, Ghosh S, Hyland F, Fu Y, Chaisson M, Xiao C, Trow J, Sherry ST, Zaranek AW, Ball M, Bobe J, Estep P, Church GM, Marks P, Kyriazopoulou-Panagiotopoulou S, Zheng GX, Schnall-Levin M, Ordonez HS, Mudivarti PA, Giorda K, Sheng Y, Rypdal KB, Salit (2016). Extensive sequencing of seven human genomes to characterize benchmark reference materials. Scientific data, 3, 160025.
  60. Weng Z, Spies N, Zhu SX, Newburger DE, Kashef-Haghighi D, Batzoglou S, Sidow A, West R (2015). Cell-lineage heterogeneity and driver mutation recurrence in pre-invasive breast neoplasia. Genome medicine, 7(1), 28.
  61. Spies N (2025). Embracing Generative Artificial Intelligence as a Support Tool for Clinical Decision-Making. Clinical chemistry, 71(11), 1178-1179.
  62. Shean RC, Maucione C, Spies NC (2025). Intravenous fluid-induced specimen contamination and detection strategies in clinical laboratories: a narrative review. Journal of laboratory and precision medicine,
  63. Maucione C, McLamb N, Zaydman MA, Pearson LN, Metcalf RA, Spies N (2026). Identification of IV fluid contamination in complete blood counts and subsequent unnecessary red blood cell transfusions using artificial intelligence. Transfusion,
  64. Shean RC, Spies NC, Saadalla (2026). Estimation of serum tryptase reference intervals via an indirect method reveal age- and sex-dependent upper limits. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology,

Book Chapter

  1. Spies NC,Rangel A,English P,Morrison M,O'Fallon B,Ng D (2025). Machine Learning Methods in Clinical Flow Cytometry. Cancers, 17(3),