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Jessica L. McMullin
( out of 51 reviews )

Jessica L. McMullin, MD, MS

Languages spoken: English

Clinical Locations

Primary Location

Huntsman Cancer Institute - Cancer Hospital South

Clinic 1A, Head and Neck
1950 Circle of Hope
Salt Lake City , UT 84112

Jessica Liu McMullin, MD, MS, is a fellowship-trained endocrine surgeon specializing in thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal diseases. Dr. McMullin’s clinical specialties include thyroid cancer and nodules, hyperparathyroidism and minimally invasive/radio-guided parathyroid surgery, Graves’ disease and other benign thyroid disease, adrenal disease, and robotic and retroperitoneoscopic minimally invasive adrenalectomy.

Dr. McMullin’s research interests include clinical outcomes in endocrine surgery, decision and cost-effective analysis, and quality improvement and implementation science. Her research has been published in JAMA Surgery, Annals of Surgery, and the Journal of the American College of Surgeons, among others. She is an active member of various surgical organizations, including the American Association of Endocrine Surgeons, Association of Academic Surgeons, and the Society of Asian Academic Surgeons, and serves on the Editorial Board of the Journal of Surgical Research and as the Treasurer of the SAAS Foundation.

She received her MD and completed her residency in general surgery from Emory University, followed by a fellowship in endocrine surgery at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, a high-volume tertiary referral endocrine surgery center. During her residency, she completed a two-year research fellowship as a Clinical Scholar in Residence at the American College of Surgeons (ACS) in Chicago from 2017-2019. She was also part of the Surgical Outcomes & Quality Improvement Center (SOQIC) research group. She received a Master of Science in Health Services and Outcomes Research from Northwestern during this time.

Outside of the hospital, she enjoys cooking, exploring new restaurants, traveling, and spending time outdoors with her husband and golden doodle.

Board Certification

American Board of Surgery

Patient Rating

5.0 /5
( out of 51 reviews )

The patient rating score is an average of all responses on our patient experience survey. The rating averages scores for all questions about care from our providers. The scale on which responses are measured is 1 to 5 with 5 being the best score.


Mar 21, 2026
HUNTSMAN CANCER CENTER

Dr Mcmullin has a wonderful bedside manner. She listens and provides great insight. She is nonjudgmental and kind! Great appt with a great surgeon!

Feb 16, 2026
HUNTSMAN CANCER CENTER

Dr. McMullin explained the procedure in very clear terms. She's a great listener and answered all my questions. I felt very reassured after our visit.

Feb 03, 2026
HUNTSMAN CANCER CENTER

Very pleasant Doctor! This doctors tone of voice say she cares too! Thank you Dr .

Jan 29, 2026
HUNTSMAN CANCER CENTER

I was told that Jessica Liu McMullin was an excellent surgeon. She did not disappoint. My surgery went very well. I am healing rapidly, all due to the excellent care I received.

Jan 26, 2026
HUNTSMAN CANCER CENTER

I was extremely impressed by Dr. McMullin's ability to explain the results from my lab testings and the solution to the problem. She was reassuring about the proposed surgery and the details involved in the surgery.

Jan 25, 2026
HUNTSMAN CANCER CENTER

She spent a good deal of time on my first consultation. After her review of all of my previous tests she has offered more help and tests to resolve my problem. I feel confident after speaking with her and very hopeful.

Jan 18, 2026
HUNTSMAN CANCER CENTER

My experience was wonderful. Great care was given, everyone was very kind and knowledgeable. Highly recommend.

Jan 11, 2026
HUNTSMAN CANCER CENTER

Excellent physician in all dimensions of the profession. Wonderful, caring human and likely the best endocrinology surgeon in the western US.

Jan 11, 2026
HUNTSMAN CANCER CENTER

Dr. McMullin made me feel comfortable and confident in my decision to have surgery.

Dec 15, 2025
HUNTSMAN CANCER CENTER

She was so warm and friendly. She took a lot of time to explain what would happen in my surgery. She asked me several times if I had any questions. She was very professional.

Nov 22, 2025
HUNTSMAN CANCER CENTER

I very much appreciated her time and attention. She listened carefully and addressed my questions and concerns fully and with respect.

Nov 19, 2025
HUNTSMAN CANCER CENTER

My visit with Dr. McMullin was extremely positive. She is a great listener and explainer. I feel confident and comfortable in her care. I felt much better about my situation after meeting with her. I highly recommend Dr. McMullin. In addition to her obvious competence, she is quite caring.

Sep 02, 2025
HUNTSMAN CANCER CENTER

very clear communication

Sep 01, 2025
HUNTSMAN CANCER CENTER

Dr. McMullin was great.

May 13, 2025
HUNTSMAN CANCER CENTER

Excellent patient care. I was treated with respect and kindness.

May 04, 2025
HUNTSMAN CANCER CENTER

Dr. Mcmullin was very thorough in her explanations. I never felt rushed in my encounters with her and she was generous with her time.

May 04, 2025
HUNTSMAN CANCER CENTER

She is amazing, very personable highly talented and informed.

Apr 19, 2025
HUNTSMAN CANCER CENTER

She treats people with respect and really seems to care about them.

Feb 25, 2025
HUNTSMAN CANCER CENTER

I have a rare condition and Dr. McMullin was very well recommended by the doctors I was seeing. I had a previous parathyroid in Brazil and she performed the second surgery in my parathyroids, it was a great experience, since the appointments before the surgery until the after surgery. Her and her team worries about me and have been contacting me to ask how I've been doing after the surgery. During appointments, she always responds my questions very directly and you feel she knows what she's saying, since she's one of the best professionals there is regarding parathyroids, thyroid and others in the neck area. I'm very happy she's part of the team that has been taking care of me and my medical condition.

Feb 20, 2025
HUNTSMAN CANCER CENTER

She was a very informative dr and explained everything completely.

Feb 02, 2025
HUNTSMAN CANCER CENTER

I feel I have the best possible surgeon for my medical needs. Previous to my visit, I spent over 2 months in another system without a clear understanding of my condition. The relief I have after talking with Dr. McMullin is Just "what the doctor ordered"!

Jan 25, 2025
HUNTSMAN CANCER CENTER

She's knowledgeable, thorough, extremely pleasant, and communicates very well.

Jan 21, 2025
HUNTSMAN CANCER CENTER

She actually drew pictures as she explained the procedure that would be used for me.

Jan 21, 2025
HUNTSMAN CANCER CENTER

Dr Mcmullin is so sweet and really cared about me. She took time to listen and understand my concerns. She was clear about future care.

Dec 27, 2024
HUNTSMAN CANCER CENTER

Dr. McMullin, was very kind and respectful. In the post op she took the time tell us what the next steps were and answered are question in a kind way. We were happy with her care. Also, the day after surgery my mom was having a hard time with her breathing. Dr. McMullin suggested that we send pictures. After reviewing them she called and talked with my daughter helping reduce stress for the whole family.

Nov 16, 2024
HUNTSMAN CANCER CENTER

Exactly the physician I was hoping to find.

Nov 16, 2024
HUNTSMAN CANCER CENTER

So happy to be under her care

Oct 21, 2024
HUNTSMAN CANCER CENTER

Kind and caring and didn't rush me. Answered questions and explained things well.

Oct 19, 2024
HUNTSMAN CANCER CENTER

After our first had a conversation with her about surgery I had a great confidence in her and there team. I came from out of state and accommodations and the whole surgery experience was an A plus! Dr Jessica is awesome and so great at her job!

Oct 01, 2024
HUNTSMAN CANCER CENTER

She is terrific. I feel a lot better and it felt like she explained everything.

Sep 24, 2024
HUNTSMAN CANCER CENTER

Dr McMullin is compassionate, authentic, and knowledgeable. I had every confidence that my surgery would be successful.

Jul 22, 2024
HUNTSMAN CANCER CENTER

Very professional, took her time explaining everything in detail, answered all of my questions, made me feel very comfortable in all aspects.

Jun 01, 2024
HUNTSMAN CANCER CENTER

Dr. Mcmullin is the best. She is a top endocrine surgeon. I highly recommend her.

May 18, 2024
HUNTSMAN CANCER CENTER

Dr. Mcmullin is outstanding in every way. Very knowledgeable, thorough, explained everything so I could fully understand. I can't say enough good things about Dr. Mcmullin.

Apr 29, 2024
HUNTSMAN CANCER CENTER

Dr. Mcmullin took the time to make sure I understood the diagnosis and the plans for treatment.

Mar 17, 2024
HUNTSMAN CANCER CENTER

She is very clear and make sure the patient understands the procedures

Mar 17, 2024
HUNTSMAN CANCER CENTER

Educated me on my condition, treatment options and the possible outcomes of each treatment. Highly informative and kind.


Patient comments are gathered from our patient experience survey and displayed in their entirety. For the convenience of our visitors, some patient comments have been translated from their original language into English while preserving their original meaning as accurately as possible. Patients are de-identified for confidentiality and patient privacy.

Jessica Liu McMullin, MD, MS, is a fellowship-trained endocrine surgeon specializing in thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal diseases. Dr. McMullin’s clinical specialties include thyroid cancer and nodules, hyperparathyroidism and minimally invasive/radio-guided parathyroid surgery, Graves’ disease and other benign thyroid disease, adrenal disease, and robotic and retroperitoneoscopic minimally invasive adrenalectomy.

Dr. McMullin’s research interests include clinical outcomes in endocrine surgery, decision and cost-effective analysis, and quality improvement and implementation science. Her research has been published in JAMA Surgery, Annals of Surgery, and the Journal of the American College of Surgeons, among others. She is an active member of various surgical organizations, including the American Association of Endocrine Surgeons, Association of Academic Surgeons, and the Society of Asian Academic Surgeons, and serves on the Editorial Board of the Journal of Surgical Research and as the Treasurer of the SAAS Foundation.

She received her MD and completed her residency in general surgery from Emory University, followed by a fellowship in endocrine surgery at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, a high-volume tertiary referral endocrine surgery center. During her residency, she completed a two-year research fellowship as a Clinical Scholar in Residence at the American College of Surgeons (ACS) in Chicago from 2017-2019. She was also part of the Surgical Outcomes & Quality Improvement Center (SOQIC) research group. She received a Master of Science in Health Services and Outcomes Research from Northwestern during this time.

Outside of the hospital, she enjoys cooking, exploring new restaurants, traveling, and spending time outdoors with her husband and golden doodle.

Board Certification and Academic Information

Academic Departments Surgery -Assistant Professor
Academic Divisions Surgical Oncology
Board Certification
American Board of Surgery

Education history

Undergraduate Biology - University of Florida B.S.
Professional Medical Medicine - Emory University School of Medicine M.D.
Residency Surgery - Emory University School of Medicine Resident
Graduate Training Health Services & Outcomes Research - Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine M.S.
Research Fellow Health Services & Outcomes Research - Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Research Fellow
Chief Resident Surgery - Emory University School of Medicine Chief Resident
Fellowship Endocrine Surgery - University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine Fellow

Selected Publications

Journal Article

  1. Akhund R, Lanka SP, Allahwasaya A, McLeod C, Saleeb AG, Fazendin JM, Gillis A, Chen H, McMullin J (2026). Faculty Utilization of X (Formerly: Twitter): What, Why, and How Many. The American surgeon, 92(4), 1206-1213.
  2. Gartland RM, Kelz R, McMullin J (2025). A Cautionary Tale of Dwindling Medicare Reimbursement for Endocrine Surgery: Implications and a Call to Action. Annals of surgery, 281(6), 901-902.
  3. Moronta S, Slattery L, Wang R, Nwariaku F, McMullin J (2025). Incidental Thyroid Cancer in Patients With Graves' Disease: Not as Rare as We Previously Believed. The Journal of surgical research, 308, 122-128.
  4. Wang R, Mennemeyer S, Xie R, Reed RD, McMullin JL, Gillis A, Fazendin J, Lindeman B, Locke JE, Chen (2025). Timing of parathyroidectomy after kidney transplantation: A cost-effectiveness analysis. Surgery, 177, 108862.
  5. McMullin JL, Wang R, Gillis A, Zmijewski P, Chen (2024). Trends in Industry Payments to Surgeons During COVID-19. The Journal of surgical research, 294, 211-219.
  6. Tomblin C, Wang R, McMullin J, Chen H, Gillis (2024). The Rich Get Richer: The Matthew Effect in Open Payments. The Journal of surgical research, 293, 693-700.
  7. McMullin JL, Wang R, Gillis A, Zmijewski P, Lindeman B, Fazendin J, Chen (2024). Show Me the Money: Industry Payments to American Association of Endocrine Surgeons Members. The Journal of surgical research, 303, 8-13.
  8. McMullin JL, Gillis (2024). Continued Progress and Advancements in Endocrine Surgery. The Surgical clinics of North America, 104(4), xv-xvi.
  9. Ramirez A, Nwariaku F, Moo-Young T, McMullin J (2024). Health Care Disparities in Endocrine Surgical Disorders. The Surgical clinics of North America, 104(4), 929-937.
  10. Allahwasaya A, Wang R, Akhund R, McLeod C, Chen H, Lindeman B, Fazendin J, Gillis A, McMullin J (2024). Does Graves' Disease Truly Increase the Risk of Complications After Total Thyroidectomy?. The Journal of surgical research, 300, 127-132.
  11. Akhund R, Allahwasaya A, Wu C, Wang R, Chu DI, Chen H, McMullin J (2024). National Institutes of Health Funding Among Society of Asian Academic Surgery Members. The Journal of surgical research, 302, 845-849.
  12. Wang R, Disharoon M, Song Z, Gillis A, Fazendin J, Lindeman B, Chen H, McMullin J (2024). Incidental but Not Insignificant: Thyroid Cancer in Patients with Graves Disease. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 238(4), 751-758.
  13. Wang R, Stidham G, Lovell K, McMullin JL, Gillis A, Fazendin J, Lindeman B, Chen (2024). Retracting the thyroid matters: Who develops asymptomatic transient thyrotoxicosis after parathyroidectomy. American journal of surgery, 230, 9-13.
  14. Wang R, McMullin JL, Allahwasaya A, Akhund R, Fazendin J, Lindeman B, Chen H, Gillis (2024). Feasibility of an Online Patient-Driven International Parathyroid Registry. The Journal of surgical research, 296, 217-222.
  15. Khan R, Akhund R, Allahwasaya A, Wang R, Chen H, Gillis A, McMullin J (2024). LinkedIn Usage Trends Among Surgeons at a Large Academic Institute. The Journal of surgical research, 295, 770-775.
  16. Wang R, Reed RD, Price G, Abraham P, Lewis M, McMullin JL, MacLennan P, Killian C, Locke JE, Ong S, Kumar V, Gillis A, Lindeman B, Chen H, Fazendin (2024). Treatment of Hypercalcemic Hyperparathyroidism After Kidney Transplantation Is Associated With Improved Allograft Survival. The oncologist, 29(4), e467-e474.
  17. McMullin JL, Codner J, Patel SG, Sharma J, Hu X, Jones DP, Weber CJ, Saunders ND (2023). Environmental Chemicals and their Association with Hyperparathyroidism. World J Surg, 47(2), 296-303.
  18. Khan R, Akhund R, Allahwasaya A, Wang R, Chen H, Gillis A, McMullin J (2023). LinkedIn Usage Trends Among Surgeons at a Large Academic Institute. The Journal of surgical research, 295, 770-775.
  19. Wang R, Reed RD, Price G, Abraham P, Lewis M, McMullin JL, MacLennan P, Killian C, Locke JE, Ong S, Kumar V, Gillis A, Lindeman B, Chen H, Fazendin (2023). Treatment of Hypercalcemic Hyperparathyroidism After Kidney Transplantation Is Associated With Improved Allograft Survival. The oncologist, 29(4), e467-e474.
  20. Wang R, Price G, Disharoon M, Stidham G, McLeod MC, McMullin JL, Gillis A, Fazendin J, Lindeman B, Ong S, Chen (2023). Resolution of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism After Kidney Transplantation and the Effect on Graft Survival. Annals of surgery, 278(3), 366-375.
  21. Wang R, Price G, Disharoon M, Stidham G, McLeod MC, McMullin JL, Gillis A, Fazendin J, Lindeman B, Ong S, Chen (2023). Resolution of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism After Kidney Transplantation and the Effect on Graft Survival. Annals of surgery, 278(3), 366-375.
  22. McMullin JL, Hu QL, Merkow RP, Bilimoria KY, Hu YY, Ko CY, Abdullah F, Raval MV (2022). Are Kids More Than Just Little Adults? A Comparison of Surgical Outcomes. J Surg Res, 279, 586-591.
  23. McMullin JL, Sharma J, Gillespie T, Patel SG, Weber CJ, Saunders ND (2022). Improved Adherence to ATA Medullary Thyroid Cancer Treatment Guidelines.(Epub ahead of print). Ann Surg Oncol.
  24. McMullin JL, Sharma J, Gillespie T, Patel SG, Weber CJ, Saunders ND (2022). ASO Visual Abstract: Improved Adherence to American Thyroid Association Medullary Thyroid Cancer Treatment Guidelines.(Epub ahead of print). Ann Surg Oncol.
  25. Liu JY, Peine BS, Mlaver E, Patel SG, Weber CJ, Saunders ND, Pofahl WE, Sharma J (2021). Neuropsychologic changes in primary hyperparathyroidism after parathyroidectomy from a dual-institution prospective study. Surgery, 169(1), 114-119.
  26. Liu JY, Perez SD, Balch GG, Sullivan PS, Srinivasan JK, Staley CA, Sweeney J, Sharma J, Shaffer VO (2021). Elderly Patients Benefit From Enhanced Recovery Protocols After Colorectal Surgery. J Surg Res, 266, 54-61.
  27. Hu QL, Liu JB, Ellis RJ, Liu JY, Yang AD, D'Angelica MI, Ko CY, Merkow RP (2020). Association of preoperative biliary drainage technique with postoperative outcomes among patients with resectable hepatobiliary malignancy. HPB (Oxford), 22(2), 249-257.
  28. Schlick CJR, Liu JY, Yang AD, Bentrem DJ, Bilimoria KY, Merkow RP (2020). Pre-Operative, Intra-Operative, and Post-Operative Factors Associated with Post-Discharge Venous Thromboembolism Following Colorectal Cancer Resection. J Gastrointest Surg, 24(1), 144-154.
  29. Liu JY, Ellis RJ, Hu QL, Cohen ME, Hoyt DB, Yang AD, Bentrem DJ, Ko CY, Pawlik TM, Bilimoria KY, Merkow RP (2020). Post Hepatectomy Liver Failure Risk Calculator for Preoperative and Early Postoperative Period Following Major Hepatectomy. Ann Surg Oncol, 27(8), 2868-2876.
  30. Hu QL, Liu JY, Hobson DB, Cohen ME, Hall BL, Wick EC, Ko CY (2019). Best Practices in Data Use for Achieving Successful Implementation of Enhanced Recovery Pathway. J Am Coll Surg, 229(6), 626-632.e1.
  31. Engelhardt KE, Reuter Q, Liu J, Bean JF, Barnum J, Shapiro MB, Ambre A, Dunbar A, Markzon M, Reddy TN, Schilling C, Posluszny JA Jr (2018). Frailty screening and a frailty pathway decrease length of stay, loss of independence, and 30-day readmission rates in frail geriatric trauma and emergency general surgery patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 85(1), 167-173.
  32. Kalogera E, Nelson G, Liu J, Hu QL, Ko CY, Wick E, Dowdy SC (2018). Surgical technical evidence review for gynecologic surgery conducted for the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Safety Program for Improving Surgical Care and Recovery. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 219(6), 563.e1-563.e19.
  33. Liu JY, Bilimoria KY (2018). Surgical Decision Making in Elderly, Impaired Nursing Home Patients. JAMA Surg, 153(12), 1096-1097.
  34. Liu JY, Postlewait LM, Etra JW, Squires MH, Cardona K, Winer JH, Sarmiento JM, Staley CA, Maithel SK, Kooby DA, Russell MC (2017). Post-hepatectomy hyperbilirubinemia: The point of no return. Am J Surg, 214(1), 93-99.
  35. Liu JY, Saunders ND, Chen A, Weber CJ, Sharma J (2016). Neuropsychological Changes in Primary Hyperparathyroidism after Parathyroidectomy. Am Surg, 82(9), 839-45.

Review

  1. van Dijk SPJ, Blanco MMK, McMullin JL, Gazelle GS, Jalali MS, Chhatwal J, Gartland RM, Husson O, Hu Y, Swan JS, van Ginhoven TM, Cunningham (2026). Patient-Reported Outcomes Across Treatment Strategies in Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma: A Meta-Analysis. JAMA otolaryngology-- head & neck surgery, 152(2), 154-162.
  2. Liu JY, Hu QL, Lamaina M, Hornor MA, Davis K, Reinke C, Peden C, Ko CY, Wick E, Maggard-Gibbons M (2020). Surgical Technical Evidence Review for Acute Cholecystectomy Conducted for the AHRQ Safety Program for Improving Surgical Care and Recovery. [Review]. J Am Coll Surg, 230, (3), 340-354.e1.
  3. Hu QL, Grant MC, Hornor MA, Merchant NN, Liu JY, Fischer CP, Peden CJ, Ko CY, Maggard-Gibbons M, Wu CL, Wick EC (2020). Technical Evidence Review for Emergency Major Abdominal Operation Conducted for the AHRQ Safety Program for Improving Surgical Care and Recovery. [Review]. J Am Coll Surg, 231, (6), 743-764.e5.
  4. Liu JY, Lowe M (2019). Neoadjuvant Treatments for Advanced Resectable Melanoma. [Review]. J Surg Oncol, 119, (2), 216-221.
  5. Marubashi S, Liu JY, Miyata H, Cohen ME, Ko CY, Seto Y, Gotoh M (2019). Surgical quality improvement programs in Japan and USA: Report from the collaborative projects between Japanese Society of Gastroenterological Surgery and American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. [Review]. Ann Gastroenterol Surg, 3, (4), 343-351.
  6. Liu JY, Wick EC (2018). Enhanced Recovery After Surgery and Effects on Quality Metrics. [Review]. Surg Clin North Am, 98, (6), 1119-1127.
  7. Hornor MA, Liu JY, Hu QL, Ko CY, Wick E, Maggard-Gibbons M (2018). Surgical Technical Evidence Review for Acute Appendectomy Conducted for the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Safety Program for Improving Surgical Care and Recovery. [Review]. J Am Coll Surg, 227, (6), 605-617.e2.

Case Report

  1. Song Z, McMullin J, Huls F, Rosenthal R, Bantu S, Wu C, Chen H, Lindeman (2024). Primary Hyperparathyroidism With Undetectable Intact Parathyroid Hormone. Clinical medicine insights. Endocrinology and diabetes, 17, 11795514241290125.

Editorial

  1. Moronta S, McMullin J (2025). Inclusive excellence in surgery: From recognition to transformation. American journal of surgery, 246, 116363.
  2. Song Z, Balachandra S, Shen X, Wang R, McMullin JL, Chu D, Chen (2024). The underrepresentation of women in academic surgery in China. American journal of surgery, 231, 132-133.
  3. McMullin JL, Lindeman B (2023). Surgeon Coaching: An Important Tool in the Armamentarium Against Burnout? Ann Surg, 277(2), 196-197.
  4. Song Z, Balachandra S, Shen X, Wang R, McMullin JL, Chu D, Chen (2023). The underrepresentation of women in academic surgery in China. American journal of surgery, 231, 132-133.
  5. McMullin J (2023). Telemedicine - A silver lining to the COVID-19 pandemic. American journal of surgery, 226(2), 161-162.
  6. Liu JY, Sharma J (2021). Application of the ACS NSQIP Surgical Risk Calculator on a global scale. Am J Surg, 222(5), 876.
  7. Ellis RJ, Liu JY, Ko CY (2018). Databases for surgical health services research: American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. Surgery, 164(2), 173-175.
  8. Liu JY, Hu QL, Ko CY (2018). Databases for surgical health services research: National Trauma Data Bank and Trauma Quality Improvement Program. Surgery, 164(5), 919-920.

Letter

  1. Liu JY, Merkow RP, Cohen ME, Bilimoria K, Ko CY, Sweeney JF, Sharma J (2020). Association of Weekend Effect With Recovery After Surgery. [Letter to the editor]. JAMA Surg, 155(10), 988-990.